Microbial contamination and colonization of surfaces, including biofilms, are detrimental to health and society; biofilms are associated with ~80% of human infections and can be up to 1000× more tolerant to antimicrobials than planktonic cells. The inappropriate use of conventional agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) has accelerated resistance and raises concerns due to their environmental impact. This project will evaluate the environmental impact of novel antimicrobial polymeric materials based on biodegradable cationic amphiphiles: (i) functionalized PLA polymers and (ii) zein nanoparticles encapsulating these compounds. Aerobic biodegradability in aquatic medium, aquatic toxicity (EC50), and effects on wastewater treatment plants (respiratory inhibition and phagocytic activity of activated sludge) will be determined.